Mongolian winter typically spans from November to March, with the coldest months being December, January, and February. During this period, temperatures can plummet to well below freezing, often reaching -20°C (-4°F) or even lower in Ulaanbaatar. Outside of the capital, temperatures can reach even lower.

Can you imagine being in a place where -40°C (-40°F) is the norm? Well, that’s the reality of winter in the Gobi Desert.

Back in Ulaanbaatar, the city is often affected by frigid air masses from Siberia in Russia. These air masses can bring bitterly cold temperatures, especially in the evenings and overnight.

Additionally, Ulaanbaatar is situated at a high altitude. It sits at an average elevation of around 1,350 meters (4,430 feet) above sea level. The higher the altitude, the colder the temperatures tend to be, as the air at higher altitudes is thinner and can’t retain heat as effectively.

Plus, being a landlocked country, Mongolia doesn’t have the benefit that being located near a significant body of water provides. Water bodies typically have a moderating effect on temperatures, but in the absence of such influences, temperatures can swing more drastically between seasons.

The combination of these factors creates a unique climate in Ulaanbaatar that results in extremely cold winters, earning it the distinction of being the coldest capital city in the world.

Travelers visiting during the winter should be prepared for harsh conditions, dress warmly in layers, and take necessary precautions to stay safe in such cold weather. Never walk outside without gloves or something covering your ears. Ever.